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60 Table 1 provides details about the 33 studies we included in our analysis.Ĭohort/Cross Sectional Studies (Nationally Representative)Īge gender race/ethnicity education household income health insurance status marital status tobacco use alcohol use region of U.S. 11 – 60 Seventeen studies were excluded for the following reasons: duplicate dataset (n = 7) 44 – 50 median, rather than mean, cost reported (n = 1) 51 unable to calculate annual cost from data reported (n = 1) 52 no body mass index (BMI) cutoff given for overweight/obesity (n = 4) 53 – 56 only inpatient or outpatient costs included (n = 3) 57 – 59 direct and indirect costs were combined (n = 1).
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Thus, we believed that cost estimates for obesity-related spending might be higher in the U.S.
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is unique in having both the highest rates of overweight and obesity and the highest health care spending among developed nations. studies allowed us to standardize cost estimates, as described below. Bibliographies of relevant articles, including several qualitative reviews, 6 – 10 were searched for additional titles. A total of 935 titles and/or abstracts were reviewed. The search strategy combined the terms “obesity” or “obesity, morbid” with any of the following terms: “costs and cost analysis”, “health care costs”, “cost of illness”, and “employer health costs”. We searched the PubMed (1968–2009), EconLit (1969–2009), and Business Source Premier (1995–2009) databases to identify studies that reported on the cost of obesity (search last updated September, 2009). We also evaluate the impact of variation in study design on cost estimates. cost of overweight and obesity published between 19 we translate these estimates into 2008 dollars ($Y2008) and we summarize the resulting estimates and report per-person cost and aggregate cost. In this paper, we identify reports of the U.S. To our knowledge, there has been no systematic attempt to quantitatively summarize the growing literature on the direct medical cost of overweight and obesity. 5 Although some cost estimates for overweight/obesity, diabetes, and heart disease may double count one another, it is important to understand the magnitude of costs that could potentially be saved by better prevention and treatment of obesity. 4 Similarly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular disease to be $403.1 billion in 2006. For example, the American Diabetes Association estimated that the annual cost of diabetes in medical expenditures and lost productivity climbed from $132 billion in 2002 to $174 billion in 2007.
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Although debate exists about the usefulness of quantifying the cost of illness in general and specifically the cost of overweight and obesity, 2, 3 cost of illness estimates are routinely cited in the medical and health services literature. during the last 30 years 1 has been accompanied by a substantial increase in the literature on the direct medical cost of obesity. The increased prevalence of obesity that has occurred in the U.S.